Variability in the kinesin light chain 1 gene may influence risk of age-related cataract.

PURPOSE
Kinesin-mediated cargo vesicle transport is fundamental to the maintenance of a proper lens fiber structure, which is essential for the transparency of the lens. Here, we test the hypothesis that the rs8702 polymorphism in the kinesin light chain 1 gene (KLC1), previously linked to Alzheimer disease (AD), may play a role in cataractogenesis.


METHODS
Patients with nuclear (n=76), cortical (n=154), posterior subcapsular (n=117), and mixed (n=148) cataract as well as 183 controls were analyzed for the KLC1 rs8702 polymorphism using the dynamic allele-specific hybridization (DASH) technique.


RESULTS
The GG genotype of rs8702 was significantly over-represented among cataract patients as compared to controls (63% versus 52%, respectively, p=0.008) and associated with an age-adjusted odds ratio for cataract development of 1.61 (95% confidence interval 1.12-2.31). This association was not confined to any particular cataract type.


CONCLUSIONS
The KLC1 gene may be a novel susceptibility gene for age-related cataract.

tis, or glaucoma. This group consisted of people with a mean age of 65.8±6.9 years (range 43-90 years) where 132 (72%) were women, 18 (9.8%) were current smokers, and 24 (13%) were former smokers. None of the patients or the controls had overt dementia.
Genetic analyses: Gene symbols used in this study follow the latest recommendations of HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee [9]. Genomic DNA was obtained from 100 µl whole blood using GenoPrepDNA Blood kit and DNA MagAttract Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) with GenoM48 Robotic Workstation (GenoVision, Oslo, Norway). Primers for dynamic allele-specific hybridization (DASH) [10] and for sequence polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) enclosing KLC1 rs8702 and DASH probes were designed using sequence information deposited in the University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) genome browser. DNA for DASH analysis was amplified using AmpliTaq Gold® (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) under the optimal conditions: 3.0 mM MgCl 2 , 0.16 pmol/µl forward primer (Biotin-TGA CGG TGA CCT GTT GAC GAA A), 0.64 pmol/µl reverse primer (GAG CAC GTG CGG CAC ATT C; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), and at 52.5 °C hybridization temperature. Genotyping of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was performed using the C probe CTT GCT CTA AGG CTT AG-rox (MWG Biotech, London, UK).
The accuracy of the DASH method was verified by DNA sequencing of 23 unrelated samples representing all three genotypes. DNA for sequencing was amplified using Taq DNA polymerase (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) under the optimal conditions of 1.5 mM MgCl 2 , 0.4 pmol/µl primers (forward: AGC TGT TCA CTT TGG TAA CAG G; reverse: TGC TAC TGG GGC ATA TCC TAG; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and 56.4 °C hybridization temperature. PCR products were purified using MicroSpin™ S-300 HR Columns (Amersham Biosciences, Buckinghamshire, England). Sequencing reactions were run in sense and anti-sense direction using cycle sequencing with fluorescent dNTPs (ABI PRISM Big Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit 3.1, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Separation by capillary electrophoresis and detection by laser-induced fluorescence was performed with ABI PRISM 3100 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems).
Statistics: Deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium as well as differences in allele and genotype distributions be-tween groups was assessed by the chi2 statistics using SYSTAT 11.0 (SYSTAT Software GmbH, Erkrath, Germany). Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated according to Altman [11]. Age-adjusted odds ratios were calculated by logistic regression using the SAS software package (SAS Institute Inc., NC). Statistical significance was defined as p<0.05.

RESULTS
Observed KLC1 rs8702 genotype frequencies did not deviate significantly from the expected frequencies on the basis of observed allele frequencies in either of the cataract and control groups and were thus in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The G allele was significantly over-represented in the cataract group compared with the control group (Table 1). Likewise, there was a higher prevalence of the homozygous GG genotype in cataract patients compared with controls ( Table 2). The GG genotype was associated with a significantly elevated odds ratio for cataract of 1.59 (95% confidence interval 1.13-2.25).
When subgrouping the patients and controls according to smoking status, current smokers with cataract had a much higher prevalence of the GG genotype than current smokers without cataract (72% versus 44%, p=0.022), which resulted in an odds ratio for cataract of 3.36 (95% confidence interval 1.15-9.77). The effect of the GG genotype among non-smokers was less pronounced (62% versus 41%, p=0.026, odds ratio 1.56, 95% confidence interval 1.05-2.30) and failed to reach significance in the former smoker group (data not shown).
The G allele of rs8702 is significantly over-represented in cataract patients as compared to controls. The asterisk indicates that "n" is the number of alleles and the double asterisk indicates that p=0.008, cataract versus controls. The GG genotype of rs8702 is significantly over-represented in cataract patients as compared to controls. The asterisk indicates that p=0.008, cataract versus controls.  When sub-grouping the patients according to the specific cataract type, the association between the GG genotype and increased risk of cataract remained for all cataract types (p=0.022-0.026) except for the mixed type ( Table 3).
Given that the cataract patients were older than the controls (p<0.001), the analyses were repeated using logistic regression analysis adjusted for age. By this approach, the GG genotype was associated with an age-adjusted odds ratio for cataract of 1.61 (95% confidence interval 1.12-2.31, p=0.011).

DISCUSSION
Kinesin molecular motor proteins generate the movement of vesicles containing a wide variety of materials in neuronal and other cells [1,12] and are also expressed in the lens [2,7]. Further, although much more speculative, there are some biochemical and epidemiological data that support an association between cataract and AD [13], the latter of which may be considered a kinesin-related disorder [6]. Both diseases are characterized by aggregation of damaged proteins [13] and several AD-related proteins such as APP, β-amyloid (Aβ), and presenilin (PS) are expressed in the lens together with the kinesins [7,[14][15][16]. These data with the relatively recent finding of an association between the rs8702 polymorphism in the KLC1 gene and AD [5] led us to hypothesize that the KLC1 rs8702 polymorphism might affect the risk of age-related cataract as well.
Indeed, there was a difference in KLC1 rs8702 allele and genotype frequencies between cataract patients and control individuals, which seemed to be a general finding not dependent on cataract type. Thus, faulty kinesin-mediated cargo transport that is associated with this polymorphism may generally potentiate the lens to known environmental risk factors for cataract, such as smoking [17]. In agreement with this view, a possible gene-environment interaction was detected among current smokers with cataract who had a much higher prevalence of the GG genotype than current smokers without cataract.
The KLC1 rs8702 allele and genotype frequencies found in this study are similar to those reported in other European populations [5,18]. However, when consulting the SNP database, there seems to be a significant population-dependent heterogeneity in the rs8702 genotype distribution with the highest frequency of the homozygous variant reported in an Asian population (31%). Thus, the effect of rs8702 on cataract risk needs to be examined specifically in non-European populations as well.
There are as yet no reports on cataract phenotypes of the different KLC1 mutant or knockout mice models. However, these mice either express a truncated KLC1 protein or are heterozygous knockouts [19,20], which, hypothetically, may be sufficient to support lens formation.
Interestingly, the risk-conferring genotype detected here was different from the one observed earlier by Dhaenens et al. [5] for AD and from what we have seen with regard to the influence of the KLC1 rs8702 polymorphism on cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of AD [18]. In cataract, the GG, not the CC, genotype was over-represented. If the results by Dhaenens et al. [5] and ours hold true in replication studies, inheritance of the C allele would suggest an increase in the risk of AD, whereas inheritance of the G allele would protect against AD but result in elevated risk of cataract. Accordingly, the KLC1 rs8702 polymorphism does not explain co-morbidity in AD and cataract but rather the opposite.
Finally, it should be noted that the functional consequences of the rs8702 polymorphism are unknown. The polymorphism is located after exon 12 in a non-coding region that seems to regulate the complex alternative splicing of the 3' end of the KLC1 gene transcript [8]. Interestingly, GenBank gives two different locations of the SNP: one in an intron and the other in the 3'-UTR of an alternative splice product (data base accession numbers NM_182923 and NM_005552, respectively). It is possible that the polymorphism influences or is in linkage disequilibrium with a polymorphism that influences alternative splicing, perhaps in a tissue-specific manner. It is also possible that rs8702 is in linkage disequilibrium with other polymorphisms in the KLC1 gene or in a nearby gene. Altogether, our results emphasize the need for further studies to reveal the precise role KLC1 gene variability in cataractogenesis.